Plumbing - materials

Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo, wood, or stone.

Hollowed wooden logs wrapped in steel banding were used for plumbing pipes, particularly water mains.

Logs were used for water distribution in England close to 500 years ago.

US cities began using hollowed logs in the late 1700s through the 1800s.8 Today, most plumbing supply pipe is made out of steel, copper, and plastic; most waste (also known as "soil")11 out of steel, copper, plastic, and cast iron.11 The straight sections of plumbing systems are called "pipes" or "tubes".

A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, whereas a tube is made through extrusion.

Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, while tubing is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as brazing, compression fitting, crimping, or for plastics, solvent welding.

These joining techniques are discussed in more detail in the piping and plumbing fittings article.Źródło: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing#Materials

Pipes made of steel - Wikipedia

Galvanized steel potable water supply and distribution pipes are commonly found with nominal pipe sizes from 3?8 inch (9.5 mm) to 2 inches (51 mm).

It is rarely used today for new construction residential plumbing.

Steel pipe has National Pipe Thread (NPT) standard tapered male threads, which connect with female tapered threads on elbows, tees, couplers, valves, and other fittings.

Galvanized steel (often known simply as "galv" or "iron" in the plumbing trade) is relatively expensive, and difficult to work with due to weight and requirement of a pipe threader.

It remains in common use for repair of existing "galv" systems and to satisfy building code non-combustibility requirements typically found in hotels, apartment buildings and other commercial applications.

It is also extremely durable and resistant to mechanical abuse.

Black lacquered steel pipe is the most widely used pipe material for fire sprinklers and natural gas. Źródło: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing

Gaskets - what are they?

Gaskets are mechanical seals, usually formed like a ring and used for sealing of flange joints. In general, gaskets should not be reused. Various types of gaskets are available depending upon their construction, materials, and features. The following are the type of gaskets commonly used: Non-Metallic Gaskets (ASME B 16.21) Spiral-Wound Gaskets (ASME B 16.20) Ring Joint Gaskets (ASME B 16.20) Non-Metallic Gaskets are used with flat face or raised face flanges. Spiral-Wound Gaskets are used with raised face flanges.

They are available with an inner ring and outer ring, which is also known as the cantering ring.

Ring Joint Gaskets are used with Ring Type Joint (RTJ) flanges.

They are available in octagonal or oval cross sections. A very high surface stress is developed between an RTJ gasket and the flange groove when RTJ is bolted up in a flange.

This leads to plastic deformation of the gasket.

Thus, the hardness of the gasket is kept less than the hardness of the groove to achieve coining i.e.

bringing two metal surfaces of different hardness so tightly together that the softer surface deforms to match harder surface exactly in shape and finish.

Źródło: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting